中文摘要:

由於財產犯罪與「財產」概念連動，故刑法解釋上可能受其影響。以現代社會的「共享經濟」來說，開始有學者認為，相較於過去我們對於財產私有制度的堅守，現代的消費者似乎不再那麼重視「所有權」，而開始藉由其他管道來實現財產的價值、提高閒置資源的利用率。而這樣的現代共享經濟模式，是否影響刑事保護財產的手段？是否會衝擊刑法史上從未缺席的竊盜罪——尤其是「使用竊盜」？這是本篇論文想要尋找的答案。

  英國直至1916年《竊盜罪法》（Larceny Act, 1916），一直是以狹義的「larceny」概念來規範竊盜罪，但是1968年《竊盜罪法》（Theft Act, 1968）透過「appropriate」要件將財產犯罪合一為「theft」。本文前半段主要參考英國法的竊盜罪——尤其是「appropriate」要件與「永久剝奪他人財產之故意」（with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it）要件——作為我國竊盜罪的他山之石。

  本文確立了竊盜罪保護法益是所有權之後，省思無形利益之本質。由於利益必然是附著於有形物始得被人類享受，故使用竊盜實則為未經同意地透過使用有形物來享受原本歸屬於他人之利益的行為，「使用竊盜」與「利益竊盜」在本質上是同一件事。而財產所有權作為自由意志的展現，刑法對於無形利益之保護，應以（意志受到某種壓制的）脅迫或詐欺為界線，因此使用竊盜，仍應不罰。
接著，本文探討「意圖」要件在刑法上的定位與功能，並質疑竊盜罪「不法所有意圖」要件之正當性。使用竊盜是沒有終局地侵害法益的行為，而本文根據「實體理論」的精神，在構成要件層次使之不罰。

  至於現代資本主義社會中所謂的「共享經濟」會不會衝擊此一基本價值？由於現代社會所謂「共享經濟」模式，只是透過共享平臺將供給與需求連結起來，使閒置生產財的切割利用達到資源效益最大化，故此一經濟模式的重點在於存取通路，而不是分享本身。雖然這種經濟模式揮舞「分享、共享」的旗幟，但驅動它的是新自由主義精神，鼓勵的是商品與服務在市場上自由流通。結論是，現代的共享經濟模式並沒有挑戰使個人得對其掌握的資源自由運用的「私有財產」制度。或有認為，使用竊盜使他人「共享計畫」落空而遭受鉅額損失，應有入罪化的空間，但既然所有權機能仍然回復，即便所有權人的支配利用權能受到短暫的侵害，「所有權」作為竊盜罪保護法益而與構成要件之解釋緊扣，行為人仍不成立竊盜罪。而雖有論者對於人類社會描繪出展望性藍圖，認為「參與共有資源之權利」將會是未來最根本的財產權，不過從歷史進程看來，人類社會還沒有從「所有權」走向「取用權」，故使用竊盜之入罪化，尚非其時。

英文摘要:

Property offences are correlated with the concept of “property,” thus might be interpreted differently from time to time. Take “share economy (sharing economy)” as an instance. Some assert that under this type of economic system, modern consumers do not value ownership as much as they used to, since ownership has become less significant as property utilization goes. Does this have an effect on the means of property protection by criminal law? Does it in any way impact one of the primordial crimes of Western culture, larceny——especially Furtum usus (temporary unauthorized use of other’s property)? This is what this thesis strives for.

  Up till Larceny Act of 1916, United Kingdom has always adopted the concept of “larceny,” however, it was superseded by the concept of “theft,” which was introduced in 1968. According to Theft Act of 1968, “appropriation” element works as a solvent, enabling “theft” to absorb other property offences. Therefore, the first half of this thesis mainly focuses on offences relating to larceny——especially on the elements “appropriation” and “with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it” ——as a reference.

  After verifying that ownership is the interest protected by larceny, this thesis construes that the essence of Furtum usus is “stealing intangible interest,” since Furtum usus implies unlawful acquisition of other’s intangible interest through unauthorized use of other’s tangible property. Also, because property ownership is a demonstration of free will, criminal law establishes its boundary of intangible interest protection on situations wherein free will is somehow oppressed. Thus, Furtum usus being unpunished remains justifiable even in modern days.
Subsequently, this thesis deliberates over the purpose and function of “die Zueignungsabsicht,” an element of larceny in Taiwan, and keeps the spirit of Substanztheori while interpreting larceny.

  As for share economy in modern capitalist society, it does not alter this conclusion. Share economy is merely a platform which efficiently connects supply and demand in the market, facilitating the process of seeking better and cheaper products and services. “Access” is the key notion, not “sharing” itself. The so-called “share economy” is actually driven by Neoliberalism, which advocates free market with less government regulation, and does not challenge the system of private property. Furthermore, even though some visualize future human society as a truly sharing one——in which the right to access to public resources is the most fundamental property right——contemporary society is not yet in the position of replacing “right to (own) property” with “right to access.” It could be argued that it is time to reconsider criminalizing Furtum usus, but hindering other’s plan of “sharing” is not a justifiable reason to do so. Furtum usus is still, and should remain unpunished.

資料來源: http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0001-1108201616232300