中文摘要

一、研究緣起 隨著科技發展，詐騙集團藉著通訊及金融自由的便利性，由面對面的行騙方式變成無遠弗屆的通訊詐騙，隨時隨地穿越物理空間，直接與民眾接觸，藉機詐財。詐騙集團更擅長於利用人性的弱點，以巧言令色的劇本，配合情境因素，遂行其詐騙目的。目前此類詐騙犯罪型態充斥於整個社會中，是最普遍也最貼近民眾的犯罪型態，絕大部分民眾都曾接獲詐騙電話、詐騙短訊、詐騙信函，似乎只要稍微鬆懈防範，辛苦賺來的血汗錢就轉眼成空。針對千奇百怪的詐欺手法，金融、電信、警政單位都不遺餘力地教導民眾如何防止受騙，防騙的諮詢專線、防騙的宣導廣播、短片、文宣、標語等隨處可見，甚至在受騙的最後一關ATM上都有「轉帳前請三思」等字樣，然而卻仍有許多民眾受騙，面對如此多的防騙策略，為什麼被害人仍會執意將錢匯出，是本研究研究動機所在。 二、研究方法及過程 本研究透過文獻探討、電話調查、被害者深度訪談及焦點團體座談等方式，探討詐欺被害者之被害屬性、歷程及相關單位的防制措施，希望達到下列研究目的：(一)依據165數位資料庫內容，分析2007年元月至2009年6月詐騙犯罪被害人之年齡、性別、生活習等與詐騙被害之相關情形，以供警政單位分眾宣導之參考，例如，特殊屬性族群如何結合生活起居進行有效宣導。(二)透過加害者及被害者資訊及情境互動，分析詐騙犯罪人與被害人互動歷程，找出關鍵因素，針對不同詐騙手法，建構歹徒心理操控模式。（三）根據歹徒對民眾的操控模式，提出各詐騙犯罪模式的預防對策，供警政相關單位對民眾加強宣導，以協助民眾突破歹徒操控模式。（四）分析被害人遭遇詐騙當時情境，藉以探討被害心理歷程，協助被害人心理創傷治療與信心重建。 三、重要發現 有關165受案之被害特性，本研究分析2,241,051筆報案資料，發現女性樣（6％）本大於男性樣本（4.8％）；受騙年齡以20-29歲最多（40.3％）。詐騙方式分別依序是：接獲電話（84.7％）最多；詐騙內容方面，依序為：假冒公務員（55.2％）、拍賣購物（16.8％）；交付方式分別依序是：ATM轉帳（63.9％）、臨櫃匯款（25.1％）；冒用機構依序為奇摩拍賣、東森購物最多。性別與詐騙手法之關聯性分析，結果發現性別在通訊詐欺手法被害上有顯著差異，男性在接獲電話及網路詐騙上的被害者比率最高。不過女性在接獲電話的被害比率遠大於男性，而網路詐騙上被害比率則遠低於男性。因此性別差異會影響詐騙手法被害機會。性別與詐騙內容之關聯性分析，結果發現性別在通訊詐欺內容被害上有顯著差異，分別是假冒公務員（女＞男）、拍賣購物（女＞男）、色情應召（男＞女），因此性別差異會影響詐騙內容被害機會。 年齡與詐騙手法之關聯性分析，結果發現年齡在通訊詐欺詐騙手法被害上有顯著差異，19歲以下在網路詐騙上比率最高（47.0%），60-69歲在接獲電話上比率最高（82.8%），70歲以上在與人接處上比率最高。因此年齡不同會影響詐騙手法被害機會。年齡與詐騙內容之關聯性分析，結果發現年齡在詐騙內容被害上有顯著差異)，假冒公務員被害以70歲以上比率最高（16.1%），拍賣購物以19歲以下最高（86.1%），色情應召則以30-39歲最高，猜猜我是誰以50-59歲最高，中獎通知以50-59歲最高，個資外洩以60-69歲最高因此年齡不同會影響詐騙內容被害機會。 接獲詐騙訊息是否相信時與通訊詐欺被害與否的經驗上有顯著差異，未被害組相信之比例遠低於不相信或半信半疑之比例；反之，被害組相信之比例遠高於不相信或半信半疑之比例。在被害組相信訊息的原因中，比例占最高的為「歹徒確實掌握自己資料，信以為真」，占未被害組中有填具相信原因者的47.0%，其次是「歹徒應答方式聽似專業」，占40.9%，第三為「過於緊張，疏於查證」，占39.9%；顯見詐騙集團掌握個人資料，使得被害者誤以為對方為真而受騙，為被害者相信之最重要因素，也是現階段防詐騙需要防範探討的，個人資料是如何被詐騙集團所獲取，個人資料是否能落實保護，因此，防止個人資料外洩也成為防詐騙的防制要策略之一。 未真正交付財物的原因方面，其中未被害組主要為「自己驚覺」，占95.7%，而被害組則是因為「警察攔阻」，可見警察在詐騙犯罪上亦發揮防制效果。對警察機關受理態度，對165滿意或非常滿意者近五成；對地方派出所滿意或非常滿意近九成；惟超過六成的案件未破獲，但對整體警察滿意度近八成。 四、主要建議事項 根據研究發現，本研究針對詐騙犯罪被害人屬性及其防制對策，提出下列建議，以下分別從立即可行及中長期性建議加以列舉。 立即可行建議包括：165應建立各機構、購物商家(平台)通訊資料庫，由線上員警主動提供民眾求證；各公務機關、購物商家(平台)應成立反詐騙諮詢專線並即時更新公務機關名稱及電話，提供民眾查詢；向民眾宣導專業法律術語、政府機關行政流程及最新詐騙手法；針對特定年齡層作不同內容的犯罪預防宣導（分眾宣導）；提供圈存帳戶存款解除凍結程序及心理諮商專線或機構；加強宣導165反詐騙專線；加強臨櫃匯款、提領款之臨櫃關懷；警方受理報案時，員警態度應誠懇並應有同理心；加強各電信業者接聽反詐騙電話之接聽技巧，並提供轉接公務機關的服務。 中長期性建議包括：加強人頭電話、帳戶管制；修改法令增加網路購物賣家維護個資責任，防範個人資料外洩；修法加重詐騙犯罪人及幫助犯之刑事責任，以達威嚇效果；165反詐騙專線應提升層級並法制化。 

English Abstract

A Study on the Characteristics of Fraud Victims ABSTRACT Keywords: Fraud Crime, Fraud Victims, Crime Prevention 1. Introduction Fraudulent organizations move along with technological development. Their scheme changed from localized face to face fraud to borderless international fraud by making use of online banking, and direct contact with mail, messengers and every possible way of communication that new technologies provide.Fraudulent organizations are specialized on manipulation. So they have created certain scenarios to abuse the hopes and fears of people by all means. The existence of such organizations is widely known by public, since each person usually already experienced receiving either fraud calls, texts, or letters by which they are tempted to invest their lifelong savings into nothing. For all kinds of fraud, the financial, telecommunications and police departments are trying their best to teach the public how to avoid being deceived. Anti-fraud hotlines, broadcasts as well as posters and slogans and even "Think Twice" signs in front of ATMs are omnipresent. All these means which try to protect the public yet couldn't stop people falling victim of frauds. Why all these anti-fraud strategies still fail and the victims are still willing to transfer their money is the motivation of this research paper. 2. Research Design In this paper, we discuss attributes and experiences of victims of deception, and precaution measures of related departments through literature review, phone survey, deep interview, focus group discussion, etc, aiming at below research purposes: 1.) Based on digital information database, analysing the related information of victims of deceptive crimes such as age, gender, living habits and others dating from January 2007 to June 2009 in order to provide police administration authority references for public promotions. 2.) Through information and context interaction of offenders and victims, analysing interaction between deceptive offenders and victims in order to find out key factors, constructing law breaker’s psychological manipulation models aiming at different deceptive devices. 3.) According to law-breakers’ manipulation models, bringing up precaution strategies to different deceptive crime models and providing to police administration authority as references to enhance public promotions and help the public crack law breaker’s manipulation models. 4.) Analysing the situations when victims are deceived in order to explore victim’s psychological process and help them treat psychological trauma and re-construct their confidence. 3. Findings When investigating the characteristics of fraud victims of 2,241,051 cases reported to 165 anti-fraud hotline，we found that female samples were more than male ones, and most of the victims were in the 20-29 age group. The most common way to get in touch with the victims was using telephones, and the content of the fraudulent information primarily reported by victims were fake public servant and internet auction. Besides, the most common way that victims gave their money to fraud groups was via ATM transfer and remitting over the counter service. Through the analysis of relationships between gender and the way of fraud, we found that there was significant difference in ways of fraud depending on gender, and a large proportion of people who got victimized through telephones and internet were males. Moreover, females were more likely to get victimized than males when receiving fraud phone calls; however, males were more likely to become victims through internet. In addition, the data showed that there was significant difference between gender and the content of the fraudulent information. Females were victimized more easily than males when con artists pretended they were public servants or delivered fraudulent messages by means of international auction; however, males were easily victimized when searching sex services We also found that there were significant differences between age and the ways of fraud. People under 19 were most easily victimized through internet; meanwhile, people in the 60-69 age group became victims easily when receiving fraud calls, and people above 70 were most likely to succumb to fraudulent messages when con artists interacted with them face to face. In addition, when analyzing the relationships between age and the content of the fraudulent information, most of the victims were over 70 when fraud group pretended that they were public servants, and the victims of internet auction were under 19. Besides, most of the victims who searched for sex services were in the 30-39 age group, and people in the 50-59 age group were easily victimized when fraud groups pretended to be acquaintances of theirs and wanted to borrow some money from them. Victims in the 50-59 age group are the most when being informed winning lottery, and people who got victimized because of the reveal of their personal information were mostly in the 60-69 age group. The response upon receiving fraud messages, whether if one renders the messages to be true, is largely dependent on whether if one has had prior experience to being a victim under communications fraud. Those who had not had prior experience tend to disbelieve, and the proportion greatly exceed that of those who believe and those who are suspicious of these messages. In the contrary, those who had previously been victims tend to believe these fraud messages, and these numbers largely exceed those who disbelieve and those who are suspicious. The reasons behind why the victims rendered these messages to be true include “the person had my personal information at hand, therefore it has to be true,” which took up 47% of the victim who believe, and “the person’s communication skills seemed professional,” which took up 40.9%, and lastly, “I was too nervous to investigate further,” which took up 39.9%. Therefore it is apparent that personal details are the most important factor utilized by fraud syndicates in making the victims believe fraud messages, and thus these details are currently in need of protection and investigation in preventing communication fraud, such that how personal details are obtained by fraud syndicates, and how to practically protect these details. Preventing leakage of personal details should become a key strategy in the inhibition of communication fraud. In the reasons of not giving in monetary assets, “sudden awareness” took up 95.7% in those who have not had experienced communication fraud, and “police hindrance” was the main reason for those who had been fraud victims, therefore police force has a major role in preventing communication frauds. In evaluating police administration attitudes, there is almost 50% among 165 who considered the attitudes satisfactory or very satisfactory. In evaluating local police stations, 90% considered them satisfactory or very satisfactory. With more than 60% unsolved cases, the overall police satisfactory level still reached close to 80%. According to the finding from this research, the suggestions are made based upon the nature of the victims and the preventing strategies. The suggestions are divided into immediate and mid-long term actions which are listed as follows: Suggestions for immediate actions including establish information database for agencies and stores, which allows police to offer help for people to confirm information on-line; every government organization and stores should set up anti-con consulting lines and update their names and phone number instantly for people to enquire; publicize the law jargon, administration procedures in the government institution and the latest con tricks; different crime prevention guidance for people in different disparity ages, improve promoting 165 anti-con line; providing more concerns for people transferring or withdrawing money; police should be sincere and empathetic when accepting reports; improve the skills of telecommunication operator when answering phones for anti-con and provide transferring to government departments service. Suggestions for mid-long term actions includes: enhance restraining phone and accounts; amend the law to increase the responsibility for online seller to protect personal information from disclosing; amend the law to give heavier punishment for con criminal and their helper; upgrade the level of 165 anti-con line. 

資料來源：https://goo.gl/zPHveA