摘要：

本研究目的在於瞭解公務員貪污犯罪特性、貪污犯罪初始、持續、停止階段等行為歷程及其決意影響因素，採用官方次級資料分析法、文獻探討法及質性研究之深度訪談法為主要研究方法，運用現象學發現研究法，進行深度訪談做應用性的研究，研究者採以立意抽樣方式，選定臺北、臺中、臺南、高雄、高雄女子、高雄第二監獄及明德外役監獄等7個矯正機構，選取具有准駁、採購及裁量權限之公務員，觸犯貪污治罪條例第四、五、六條規定被判處3年以上有期徒刑定讞而在監執行之受刑人為樣本，於徵詢接受訪談意願，再從中選取符合本研究條件之樣本計13名；依此，本研究個案分析發現：
公務員貪污犯罪特性：具有擔任公職平均13年後涉貪，年齡介於30-35歲及40-45歲間之中年、已婚、男性、具大專程度，心理認知較有偏誤心態，合理化自己行為之薦任公務員為主之特徵；貪污案件模式7成為違背職務行為收受賄賂且為共犯結構，在案件特性上，具有三個特性、兩個特殊現象：亦即為一經實施即難以停止與自首之特殊性；判處徒刑重及訴訟期冗長之特性；不法利得上，行政職務愈高者，不法利得愈多；職務上具有准駁權限者不法獲利高於裁罰權限者；而具有裁罰權限者不法獲利高於具有採購權限者之特殊現象及婚姻上高權職務者皆有分居、離婚之特殊現象。
貪污犯罪行為歷程之初始階段行為，個案基於日常習性交際頻繁、生活糜爛；家庭依附互動薄弱，且有職務較高之簡任官或職權高之個案，婚姻皆有分居抑或外遇而離婚等現象；透過與親近同儕團體及承襲先前經驗，在互動交流中學習貪污技巧。並基於抽象之權慾、同事排擠、升遷、績效，以及追求工作穩定等迷失及具體之情與財慾之財、利、名、情、權等慾望需求動機，誘發初始貪污犯罪行為。
貪污持續階段在認知已實施收賄，難以抽身、因未被發現導致增強其行為，基於職場誘惑及收賄機會不斷，雖7成個案具有罪疚感，惟難以抗拒誘惑與壓力，導致採取逃避、不理與藉助宗教力量因應而持續。同儕間刻意低調並與正向同事疏離而與與共犯間投名狀彼此凝聚。貪污犯罪手法非具專業化且抱以收賄習以為常之價值觀。
貪污停止階段，主要因無機會、無利可圖而停止，抑或家庭依附力愈強，而有停止之動機，惟已收賄無從收手，以致未有實際停止收賄行為。主因在於所涉貪污刑責過重，即使自首亦會被停職，仍無法確保工作，而無停止貪污行為，直至被檢舉或為發掘查辦方迫使其停止。
貪污犯罪決意影響因素，主要有六項影響因素包含需求動機、壓力源、誘因機會、監控機制、成本效益評估及規避查緝模式等，其中以機會為主要考量；另決意時間以具有准駁權之決意時間達6個月至1年之久，具採購、裁量權限者，最快當日即已決意實施貪污犯罪行為。
依據研究發現，本研究提出有5大項共17點建議，以供實務單位參考，包括：初任公務員及職前教育之貪瀆案例教育；強化倫理法紀教育；實施性格特質檢測；機關舉辦與眷屬互動關懷活動，強化家庭依附力，遏阻不當交際應酬習性；派補正式輔導教師或心輔社工師，落實品德教育及諮商輔導；擬定揭弊者保護及私部門揭弊規範；結合內、外部監控機制；扮演救生員角色；檢視利益衝突、財產申報鎖定異常員工；落實輪調制度；強制代理人制度；落實關說登錄及改善績效評核制度；避免模仿去除增強，強化法律構成要件及倫理道德教育；制訂現行作業處理流程，去除藉口；善用職權處分，給予自新機會；制訂概括自首期限；修正貪污治罪條例，符合罪刑相當、逐漸回歸刑法規範等防制策略。

關鍵字：深度訪談法、公務員、貪污犯罪、行為歷程、決意影響因素

英文摘要：

The goal of the research is to know the characteristics of each corrupt civil serv-ant, how he went through the stages of initiation, habituation and desistance, and why he decided to accept bribes. The main research methods are secondary data analysis, literature review and in-depth interview of qualitative research, and phenomenological data analysis is used as the basis for the in-depth interview. The target samples are civil servants accused of Anti-Corruption Act and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than three years, and 13 willing inmates are chosen as appropriate purposive samples from 7 correctional institutions in Taipei, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung.
The characteristics of civil servants accused of Anti-Corruption Act are mainly male junior-ranked civil servants who are in their middle-aged (30-35 and 40-45) with a bachelor degree and have served over 13 years. They have deviant cognitive attitude and are inclined to rationalize their conducts. 70% of corruption cases are originated from exploiting their position to accept bribes, and they usually have accomplices. Once bribes are taken, it’s hard to stop and confess. When corruption is exposed, it usually takes a long time to wait for conviction affirmed, and the sentence is heavy. For the amount of illegal incomes, the higher the administrative position, the more the illegal incomes. The position with the approval right gets more illegal incomes than the one with the discretionary right. The position with the discretionary right gets more illegal incomes than the one with the purchase right.
At the initiation stage, the corruption occurs on civil servants who have wide acquaintances, leading fast lives, weak family relationship, unstable marital status or extramarital relations to divorce. Some are even higher-ranking officers. They were shared experiences mainly from close friends or colleagues and got motivated from desires for fortune, benefit, fame, affection and power. The pursuit of power, peer recognition, promotion, performance and job stability are the reasons that individual civil servants take initials to receive bride actively or passively.
At the habituation stage, the corruption continues because the act of receiving bribes has been taken and it’s difficult to withdraw. In addition, the act also hasn’t been discovered. The continuing incentives and opportunities to receive bribes rein-force their action. Though 70% of the cases have the feeling of guilty, they also feel the pressure of exposing. Eventually, they’re inclined to flee or ignore the possible consequences and resort to religion.
Corrupt civil servants keep low-profile within peers, alienate positive co-workers and groups, and get together with accomplices. They’re usually familiar with relative regulations. As a consequence, the loops of regulation were used to make corruption crime professional. They also consider bribe taken is normal.
At the desistance stage, the corrupt civil servants might have motives to stop be-cause of lack of opportunities, no benefit any more or strong family affiliation. How-ever, they still haven’t taken any action because it’s getting difficult to stop at this stage. They think the corruption punishment is too serious. Even if they turn them-selves in, they’re still unable to keep their job. In the end, their illegal acts are dug out by law enforcement officers through complaint and different information sources, and they’re forced to stop.
The determining factors for corruption includes being motivated, feeling pressure, being allured, finding a loophole in the monitoring mechanism, the result of evaluating the cost and performance and avoiding investigation. With any of these factors as the motivation, once the civil servants get the opportunity, they are easy to accept bribes. The time for determination depends on how high he decision right the position holds. For the position with the approval right, it takes approx. six months to one year. For the positions with the discretionary and purchase rights, the decision could be made immediately.
According to the study results, some suggestions are listed below as a reference for related official authorities:
1. Design anti-corruption courses to recruits
2. Improve ethical and law education
3. Take character test
4. Have family days to reinforce the relationship with family
5. Appoint official counselors or social workers who specialize in counseling for character education and career counseling
6. Establish whistleblower protection regulations
7. Integrate interior and exterior monitoring mechanism
8. Play the role of lifesaver
9. Check benefit conflicts and target at abnormal property reports
10. Carry out regular job rotation
11. Force to implement the representative mechanism
12. Implement lobby registration and improve the performance assessment system
13. Avoid imitating to eliminate positive enhancing effect, and strengthen propagat-ing elements of crime and career ethical and moral education
14. Establishing SOP to remove extra excuses
15. Make use of administrative measures to help correct error
16. Give surrenders deadline
17. Abolish Anti-Corruption Act to conform to the principles of the consistency be-tween the crime and the penalty and apply to the regulations of Criminal Law


Keywords: In-depth interviewing, civil servants, corruption, behavior process, deter-mining influential factors

資料來源：

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